Percepción de miedo o exageración que transmiten los medios de comunicación en la población peruana durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 / Perception of exaggeration or fear propagated by the media among the Peruvian population during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: En crisis sanitarias mundiales los medios de comunicación son importantes para informar sobre los temas relevantes a la población. Objetivo: Caracterizar y encontrar asociaciones de la percepción de miedo o exageración que transmiten los medios de comunicación en la pandemia del COVID-19 en ciudades del Perú. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico y multicéntrico. Se realizó una encuesta virtual a 4009 personas, en 17 ciudades del Perú, del 15-20 de marzo del 2020. El instrumento, previamente validado, evaluó tres factores: la exageración de los medios; el miedo generado y la comunicación que provenía del personal de salud, familiares y amigos. Los coeficientes de relación y los valores p fueron calculados a través del uso de modelos lineales generalizados, con familia Gaussian y función de enlace identity. Se consideraron a los valores de p <0,05 como estadísticamente significativos. Resultados: Los participantes percibieron que las redes sociales (64 por ciento) y la televisión (57 por ciento) exageraban la información; también, los participantes manifestaron que la televisión (43 por ciento) y las redes sociales (41 por ciento) aumentaron la percepción del miedo. En cuanto a su familia/amigos, percibían que exageraban la situación (39 por ciento) y generaban miedo (25 por ciento). Al análisis multivariado, las mujeres (p<0,001), las que tuvieron secundaria completa (p=0,023), las universitarias (p=0,037) y con postgrado (p=0,002) tuvieron un menor puntaje total de miedo y percepción de exageración. Conclusiones: La percepción de exageración y generación de miedo en la población fueron en mayor medida ocasionados por la televisión y las redes sociales(AU)

Introduction: In global health crises the media is important for reporting on important issues to the population. Objective: To characterize and find associations of perceived fear or exaggeration conveyed by the media in the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Analytical and multicenter cross-sectional study. A virtual survey was conducted among 4009 people, in 17 cities of Peru, from March 15-20, 2020. The instrument, previously validated, evaluated three factors: the exaggeration of the media; the fear generated and the communication coming from health personnel, family members and friends. Relationship coefficients and p-values were calculated through the use of generalized linear models, with Gaussian family and identity linkage function. Values of p <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Social networks (64 percent) and television (57 percent) were perceived by all participants as exaggerating information; also, television (43 percent) and social networks (41 percent) increased the perception of fear. As for their family/friends, they perceived that they exaggerated the situation (39 percent) and generated fear (25 percent). In the multivariate analysis, women (p<0.001), those who had completed high school (p=0.023), were university students (p=0.037) and those with a postgraduate degree (p=0.002) had a lower total score of fear and perception of exaggeration. Conclusions: The perception of exaggeration and fear generation in the population were mostly caused by television and social networks(AU)

What Should Health Science Journalists Do in Epidemic Responses?

Journalists have long covered outbreaks of infectious disease. In the history of global health journalism-from the 1721 Boston smallpox epidemic to the 2002-2003 SARS outbreak in China and Singapore and to recent outbreaks of Ebola in West Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo-newsrooms have wielded their power both responsibly and irresponsibly. This article examines journalism practice during the 2013-2016 Ebola epidemic and recommends strategies for improving epidemic reporting.

La columna infame de Milán en tiempos de pandemia / Milan's infamous column in times of pandemic

Las épocas de pandemia han despertado y despiertan miedo en individuos y pánico en sus comunidades. En este artículo el autor repasa brevemente los hechos históricos ocurridos durante La Gran Plaga (pandemia de peste bubónica) que dieron lugar a la denominada Columna Infame de Milán, haciendo un paralelismo con algunas situaciones de criminalización de los enfermos e individuos afectados por la actual pandemia de SARS-Cov-2. (AU)

Análisis de las noticias sobre Enfermería en prensa española / An analysis of news about Nursing in the Spanish press

Objetivo: analizar las noticias sobre Enfermería en prensa escrita española en algunos de los periódicos de mayor difusión en España. Método: revisión de la prensa escrita generalista a través del análisis de noticias publicadas en los periódicos El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia y ABC, que incluyeran en sus titulares o en sus entradillas las palabras "Enfermería", "enfermera", o "enfermero". Para valorar la legibilidad lingüística de los titulares y entradillas recuperados se utilizó el índice de Flesch-Szigriszt, calculado a través del programa INFLESZ. Resultados: se recuperaron 534 noticias. Por periódicos se recogieron 185 (34,64%) noticias en La Vanguardia, 165 (30,90%) en El Mundo, 100 (18,73%) en ABC y 84 (15,73%) en El País. El 31,46% (n= 168) de las noticias trataba sobre "Condiciones de trabajo", el 13,30% (n= 71) sobre "Investigación-Universidad", el 12,17% (n= 65) sobre "sucesos" y el 9,74% (n= 52) sobre "prescripción enfermera". La inclusión del término "enfermero" (n=179) es superior a la utilización de "enfermera" (n=129) en las noticias recogidas. El nivel de legibilidad de titulares y entradillas fue "algo difícil". Conclusiones: el término masculino "enfermero" es más habitual que el femenino "enfermera" en la prensa escrita española. Una tercera parte de las noticias recuperadas trata sobre condiciones de trabajo. La legibilidad no es adecuada

Objective: to analyze the news about Nursing in the Spanish written press in some of the main newspapers in Spain. Method: a review of the general written press through the analysis of news published in the following newspapers: El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia and ABC, including in their headlines or lead paragraphs the terms "Enfermería" ("Nursing"), "enfermera" ("female nurse"), or "enfermero" ("male nurse"). The Flesch-Szigriszt Index was used in order to assess the linguistic readability of the headlines and lead paragraphs, calculated through the INFLESZ program. Results: in total, 534 pieces of news were retrieved. By newspapers, 185 (34.64%) pieces of news were collected from La Vanguardia, 165 (30.90%) from El Mundo, 100 (18.73%) from ABC and 84 (15.73%) from El País. Of these articles, 31.46% (n= 168) dealt with "Working conditions", 13.30% (n= 71) with "Research-University", 12.17% (n= 65) with "events" and 9.74% (n= 52) with "nursing prescription". The inclusion of the term "enfermero" ("male nurse") (n=179) was higher than the use of "enfermera" ("female nurse") in the articles collected. The level of readability of headlines and lead paragraphs was "somewhat difficult". Conclusions: the male term "enfermero" is more usual than the female "enfermera" in the Spanish written press. A third part of the news retrieved dealt with working conditions. Readability was not adequate

Declaración sobre: Ética y Responsabilidad en la Sostenibilidad del Sistema Nacional de Salud / Declaration on ethics and responsibility in the sustainability of the Spanish National Heatlh System

Representantes de Comités de Bioética autonómicos y del Comité de Bioética de España reunidos en Zaragoza con fecha de 16 de noviembre de 2016 elaboraron una declaración para contribuir a la reflexión pública sobre la sostenibilidad del Sistema Nacional de Salud a partir de los valores éticos que deben impulsar la responsabilidad de todos los agentes implicados en su desarrollo. Manteniéndose la vigencia de las circunstancias concurrentes en su redacción inicial, la reunión de la "Red de Consejos, Comisiones y Comités autonómicos de Bioética y del Comité de Bioética de España" (REDECABE) celebrada en Logroño el día 26 de octubre de 2018 ratificó su plena vigencia como herramienta para la sostenibilidad del Sistema Nacional de Salud, instando su máxima difusión tanto en lengua española como inglesa

Representatives from Autonomous Communities' Bioethics Committees and the National Bioethics Committee met in Zaragoza on 16 November 2016 to draft a joint statement to contribute to publicly reflecting upon the sustainable nature of the National Health System, taking into consideration the ethical values that should promote the responsibility of all actors involved in their development. Since circumstances of the first draft remain, the meeting of the Network of Bioethics Councils, Commissions and Committees of Autonomous Regions (REDCABE), held Logroño on 26 October 2018, ratified the full validity of the declaration as a tool for sustainability of the National Health System, aiming for its dissemination in as many fields as possible, both in Spanish and English language

How is chronic non-communicable respiratory conditions research reported in European newspapers? An impact assessment for policy.

BACKGROUND: Newspapers are an important means for the communication of medical research findings to policy-makers and the public, but may distort their views on the relative importance of research into, and burden from, different respiratory diseases. METHODS: A systematic search strategy based on respiratory-related keywords was developed and translated into 15 European languages to identify relevant stories in 26 newspapers from eight countries in 2002-2013. Details of the stories were recorded on Excel and coded based on the reported respiratory conditions (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other) and research types. Each cited research study was identified on the Web of Science and downloaded for analysis. FINDINGS: There were far more stories about asthma than on COPD, although the amount of research was only modestly greater, and the disease burden far less. Epidemiology, lifestyle and genetics research received the most media attention but not in all newspapers, while means of diagnosis and quality of life were under-reported in all newspapers. Journalists tended to over-cite research from their country by a factor averaging four times more than other researchers. About 10% of stories included a quote from a commentator, especially those in the two UK newspapers, with most of the quotes from UK charities. CONCLUSIONS: The balance between disease areas reported in European newspaper stories is very misleading. European policy-makers and public may perceive asthma as more burdensome than it is and COPD much less. The study also showed that UK charities, but not those in other European countries, gained significant publicity from their contributions to these stories.

Imagem da paternidade na mídia impressa: análise documental / Imagen de la paternidad en los médios impresos: análisis documental / Image of fatherhood in printed media: document analysis

Objetivos: identificar registros midiáticos da comunicação impressa que representem a paternidade, e comentar como eles apresentam o pai nas proximidades de sua data comemorativa. Método: estudo exploratório, realizado por análise documental, por meio do jornal "O GLOBO", no período de 01 a 11 de agosto de 2013, dias que antecederam a comemoração do Dia dos Pais. Resultado: 106 registros midiáticos foram identificados, sendo 66,26% de publicidades e 37,73% de reportagens. A figura paterna apareceu em todos os dias da delimitação temporal. Discussão: a paternidade ocorreu em meio a questões socioculturais e de gênero que permitiram perceber a figura de um pai atualmente mais afetivo e envolvido no cuidado com o filho. Conclusão: Existe investimento empresarial em torno da imagem paterna, no entanto, não só fatores comerciais, mas também culturais e sociais influenciam no exercício da paternidade (AU)

Objetivos: identificar los registros mediáticos de los medios de comunicación impresa que representen la paternidad y analizar los comentarios acerca de día del padre. Método: estudio exploratorio realizado por análisis documental, en el periódico "O Globo" en período de 01 a 11 de agosto de 2013, día que antecede a la conmemoración al día de los padres. Resultado: 106 registros mediáticos fueron identificados, siendo 66,73% de reportajes. La figura paterna apareció en todos los días de la delimitación temporal. Discusión: la paternidad ocurrió en medio a cuestiones socioculturales y de género que permitieron percibir la figura padre actualmente más afectuoso e involucrado en el cuidado del el hijo. Conclusión: Existe incidencia empresarial en la imagen paterna, sin embargo, no solo factores comerciales sino también culturales y sociales influyen en el ejercicio de la paternidad (AU)

Aim: to identify the media records of the press communication representing paternity and to comment how they represent the father approaching his commemorative day. Method: exploratory study, carried out through documental analysis, by means of "O GLOBO" newspaper, from August 01 to 11, 2013, some days before the Father's day. Result: 106 media records were identified: 66,26% advertising records and 37,73% reports. The father figure appeared on every day of this time delimitation. Discussion: paternity occurred amidst sociocultural and gender issues that permitted to perceive today a father figure more affective and involved on the child care. Conclusion: There is a business investment around the father figure, nevertheless, not only commercial factors, but also cultural and social ones influence on practicing paternity (AU)

Ethical problems in an era where disasters have become a part of daily life: A qualitative study of healthcare workers in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Natural disasters, armed conflict, migration, and epidemics today occur more frequently, causing more death, displacement of people and economic loss. Their burden on health systems and healthcare workers (HCWs) is getting heavier accordingly. The ethical problems that arise in disaster settings may be different than the ones in daily practice, and can cause preventable harm or the violation of basic human rights. Understanding the types and the determinants of ethical challenges is crucial in order to find the most benevolent action while respecting the dignity of those affected people. Considering the limited scope of studies on ethical challenges within disaster settings, we set upon conducting a qualitative study among local HCWs. METHODS: Our study was conducted in six cities of Turkey, a country where disasters are frequent, including armed conflict, terrorist attacks and a massive influx of refugees. In-depth interviews were carried out with a total of 31 HCWs working with various backgrounds and experience. Data analysis was done concurrently with ongoing interviews. RESULTS: Several fundamental elements currently hinder ethics in relief work. Attitudes of public authorities, politicians and relief organizations, the mismanagement of impromptu humanitarian action and relief and the media's mindset create ethical problems on the macro-level such as discrimination, unjust resource allocation and violation of personal rights, and can also directly cause or facilitate the emergence of problems on the micro-level. An important component which prevents humanitarian action towards victims is insufficient competence. The duty to care during epidemics and armed conflicts becomes controversial. Many participants defend a paternalistic approach related to autonomy. Confidentiality and privacy are either neglected or cannot be secured. CONCLUSION: Intervention in factors on the macro-level could have a significant effect in problem prevention. Improving guidelines and professional codes as well as educating HCWs are also areas for improvement. Also, ethical questions exposed within this study should be deliberated and actualized with universal consensus in order to guide HCWs and increase humane attitudes.

Noticias sobre suicidio en los medios de comunicación. Recomendaciones de la OMS / Reporting on suicide. WHO recommendations for the Media

La exposición inadecuada en los medios de comunicación sobre suicidios puede producir un efecto contagio o efecto Werther, mientras que determinadas características adecuadas pueden tener un efecto protector o efecto Papageno. Por tanto, los medios de comunicación pueden contribuir a la prevención del suicidio. Por ello, la OMS ha elaborado tres documentos con una serie de recomendaciones dirigidas a los profesionales de los medios de comunicación, para el tratamiento de las noticias relacionadas con el suicidio. Sin embargo, solo se ha traducido al español el primero, ambos tienen solapamientos y poseen una estructura diferente. Esto supone que los profesionales de los medios de comunicación de habla hispana en general, y de España en particular, difícilmente pueden tener un acceso a estas recomendaciones de la OMS de una forma clara y concisa. El objetivo de este trabajo fue la elaboración y provisión de un texto único y sintético que recogiera las recomendaciones de estos documentos. Para su creación se siguió un procedimiento formal y estructurado, que aunó criterios científicos y lingüísticos. El texto final contiene las recomendaciones agrupadas en tres categorías: "qué hacer", "qué no hacer" y "otras recomendaciones". Este documento puede ser de gran utilidad para los profesionales de los medios de comunicación, para actividades formativas de difusión de tales recomendaciones con finalidad preventiva y para la investigación (AU)

Inappropriate reporting on suicide in the media may lead to a contagious effect or "Werther effect", while appropriate characteristics may have a protective effect or "Papageno effect". Therefore, the media can contribute to the prevention of suicide. For this reason, the WHO has developed three documents with recommendations for media professionals about how to report on suicide. However, only the first one has been translated into Spanish, they have overlaps and have a different structure. Therefore, Spanish-speaking media professionals in general, and Spanish ones in particular, can hardly have access to these WHO recommendations displayed in a clear and concise manner. The objective of this work was the elaboration and provision of a single and concise text that includes the recommendations of these documents. A formal and structured procedure was followed, combining scientific and linguistic criteria. The final text contains the recommendations grouped into three categories: "what to do", "what not to do" and "other recommendations". This document can be very useful for media professionals, for training activities to disseminate such recommendations for preventive purposes, and for research (AU)

Ethics Hype?

There has been growing concern about the phenomenon of science hype, the tendency to exaggerate the value or near-future application of research results. Although this is a problem that touches every area of biomedicine, the topic of genetics seems to be particularly prone to enthusiastic predictions. The world has been told for over two decades-by the media, researchers, politicians, and the biotech industry-that a genome-driven health care revolution is just around the corner. And while the revolution never seems to arrive, the hopeful rhetoric continues. It has been suggested that this unrelenting "genohype" is having a range of adverse social consequences, including misleading the public and hurting the long-term legitimacy of the field. While we need more good data on the nature and magnitude of these possible harms, few would argue with the proposition that sustained science hype is a bad thing. We all benefit from robust science and accurate public representations of biomedical research. But, to date, there has been very little consideration of the degree to which the scholarship on the related ethical, legal, and social issues has been hyped. Are the conclusions from ELSI scholarship also exaggerated?

Esquizofrenia en la prensa: ¿el estigma continúa? / Schizophrenia in the press: does social stigma continue?

Introducción: los medios de comunicación son la principal fuente de información sobre salud mental para la población, por lo que pueden ser determinantes en la estigmatización. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la utilización del término «esquizofrenia» por los medios de comunicación escritos. Método: se realizó búsqueda de noticias publicadas a través de los buscadores digitales de seis periódicos, que incluyeran la palabra «esquizofrenia». Se separaron las noticias que hacían un uso metafórico del término. Las noticias referidas a la enfermedad se dividieron en cinco grupos según su contenido. Se analizaron con mayor profundidad las dedicadas a delitos. Resultados: se analizaron 497 noticias. 126 (25,4%) hacían un uso metafórico del término «esquizofrenia». De las 371 restantes, 143 (38,5%) trataban sobre delitos, 105 (28,3%) sobre divulgación científica, 40 (10,8%) nombraban a alguien con esquizofrenia, 37 (10%) hablaban sobre falta de recursos o estigma, y 46 (12,4%) sobre otros temas. En las noticias sobre delitos, la persona con esquizofrenia era víctima en 16,1% y causante del delito en 83,9% y se utilizaban con relativa frecuencia expresiones estigmatizantes. Conclusiones: persiste en la prensa una tendencia a mostrar de manera desproporcionada historias negativas sobre los pacientes con esquizofrenia. Además, es frecuente el uso de la palabra esquizofrenia de forma denigrante, contribuyendo al estigma existente alrededor del término (AU)

Introduction: mass media is a major source of information about mental health and its attitude can be a determinant for stigmatization. The objective of this study was to examine the use of the term «schizophrenia» in print media. Methods: A search of posted news including the word «schizophrenia» was done through digital finders of six Spanish newspapers. Articles where the term «schizophrenia» had a metaphoric use were separated. Articles referred to the disorder were divided in five groups according to their content. Articles related to criminal acts were analyzed more deeply. Results: 497 articles were examined. In 126 (25,4%) the use of «schizophrenia» was metaphoric. From the remaining (371), 143 (38,5%) were about criminal acts, 105 (28,3%) about science popularization, 40 (10,8%) mentioned people with schizophrenia, 37 (10%) were about lack of health resources and stigma, 46 (12,4%) about other issues. In news about criminal acts, people with schizophrenia were victims in 16,1% and offenders in 83,9%, and stigmatizing expressions were used with relative frequency. Conclusions: The press tends to show disproportionately negative stories about people who suffer from schizophrenia. Furthermore, the word «schizophrenia» is used in a denigrating manner quite often, contributing to stigma around the term (AU)

Atención Primaria: la apuesta necesaria / No disponible

No disponible

El tratamiento del suicidio en la prensa española: ¿efecto werther o efecto papageno? / The treatment of suicide in the spanish press: ¿werther effect or papageno effect?

Introducción: El suicidio causa un millón de muertes cada año en todo el mundo. En España fallecieron 3180 personas en 2011 por este motivo. Los medios de comunicación ejercen gran influencia sobre las actitudes, creencias y comportamientos de la comunidad. Entre los medios de comunicación, la prensa es calificada como el medio de mayor influencia. Una considerable cantidad de literatura sugiere que los medios de comunicación podrían inducir a actos de imitación del suicidio, este fenómeno se conoce como efecto Werther. Por el contrario, el contenido de las noticias también puede constituir un efecto preventivo, denominado efecto Papageno. La O.M.S. ha elaborado unas recomendaciones dirigidas a los medios de comunicación como parte del programa de prevención del suicidio (SUPRE). Objetivo: En el presente estudio se analiza si la prensa tiene en cuenta las recomendaciones de la OMS para la publicación de las noticias sobre el suicidio. Metodología: Se recogen las noticias relacionadas con el suicidio aparecidas en la edición digital de cinco diarios españoles, (El País, El Mundo del Siglo Veintiuno, ABC, El Comercio de Asturias y La Nueva España), desde el 01/09/2011 hasta el 30/10/2012. Resultados: En la mayor parte de las noticias se dan detalles sobre el método; no se tienen en cuenta los antecedentes en salud mental; no se informa sobre ayudas y recursos comunitarios; se informa acerca del suicidio como algo inexplicable o simplista. Conclusiones: La mayoría de las noticias recogidas no tienen en cuenta las directrices de la OMS (AU)

Background: Suicide is the cause of death of one million per year. In Spain , 3180 people has been died for this reason in 2011. People are unaware of the risk factors associated with suicide. The media have a great influence on the attitudes , beliefs and behaviors in society. Among the media, the press is considered the most influential. A considerable amount of literature suggest that the media could lead to acts to imitation suicide. This kind of phenomenon is known as 'Werther effect' or 'Copycat'. On the other hand, the content of the news could have a preventive effect called 'Papageno effect'. The WHO (World Health Organization) has developed a series of recommendations to the media as part of the program 'suicide prevention' (SUPRE). Aim: This current study analyse whether the press has considered the recommendations of the WHO to publish news about suicide. Methodology: News about suicide of five spanish newspapers (El País, El Mundo del Siglo Veintiuno, ABC, El Comercio de Asturias y La Nueva España) were collected during a year. From 01/09/2011 to 30/10/2012. Results: Most news give details about of used method; background in mental health are not taken into account; there are no reports on aid and community resources; sometimes they consider suicide something unexplainable. Conclusions: Most part of the newspaper don’t have into account the WHO recommendations for publish news abut suicide (AU)

Caciquismo y profesión médica: El caso de Alfredo Alegre, 1915-1924 / 'Caciquismo' and medical profession: the case of Alfredo Alegre, 1915-1924

Las reivindiciones profesionales y la reformas sanitarias que los médicos solicitaron el poder político a lo largo de la etapa constitucional del reinado de Alfonso XIII, fueron continuación de las del siglo XIX. Una de las demandas más importante fue que los médicos rurales dependieran directamente del Estado, especialmente en lo que se refiere a los salarios, y no de los poderes municipales detentados por lo general por caciques. Los problemas entre ambos eran constantes. En este trabajo se presenta el caso del médico del Pobo Alfrede Alegre, cuya condena puso en pie de guerra a los profesionales sanitarios, estudiantes y buena parte de la sociedad durante años que unieron a sus demandas de petición del idulto. Esta historia trágica, aparte de mostrar la importancia de la prensa diaria como fuente, pone de manifiesto las dificultades que ofrecía la práctica profesional en las zonas rurales sumidas en el pasado y la incapacidad de los políticos para resolver problemas durante una de las etapas más agitada de nuestra historia (AU)

The profesional recognition and sanitary reforms that physicians sought from the political powers throughout the constitutional era of the reign of Alfonso XIII were a continuation of those from the XIXth century. One of the most improtant demands was that rural physicians should answer directly to the State, especially with reference to salaries, rather tan to municipal authorities generally held by caciques. There were constant problems between them. This wor present the case of the physician from El Pobo, Alfredo Alegre whose convicion put health professionals, students and most of society on the warpath, joining their demands to a petition for pardon. This tragic story, apart from showing the importnace of the daily press as a socurce, highlights th difficulties offered by profesional practice in rural áreas submerged int he past and the inability of politiocians to resolve problems during one of the most hectic periods of our history (AU)

Ethical media competence as a protective factor against cyberbullying and cybervictimization among german school students.

The use of digital information and communication technologies is an integral part of adolescents' everyday life. Besides various opportunities for information, entertainment, and communication, media use is associated with risks such as cyberbullying. Cyberbullying refers to aggressive behavior in the context of computer-mediated communication, characterized by repetition, an intention to harm, and power imbalance. Previous studies have shown that increased media use is a major risk factor for cyberbullying and cybervictimization. Given that restricting media use is not a practical way to reduce the negative effects inherent in media use, the present study examines the relevance of ethical media competence. We expected ethical media competence to buffer the effect of increased media use on cyberbullying and cybervictimization. A survey was conducted with 934 students (53% female) aged 10-17 years (M=13.26, SD=1.63). As expected, hierarchical regression analyses showed a positive main effect of media use, a negative main effect of ethical media competence, and a negative interaction effect of media use and media competence on cyberbullying and cybervictimization. Simple slope analyses revealed that at high levels of ethical media competence, media use has almost no effect on cybervictimization and a significant negative effect on cyberbullying. Consequently, promoting ethical media competence constitutes a potential measure to prevent the risks of increased media use for cyberbullying and cybervictimization.

La televisión comunitaria en el oriente antioqueño: un ejercicio de construcción de tejido social y paz / The community television system in the eastern region in antioquia: an exercise of construction of the social fabric and peace

El presente artículo resultado de investigación, expone las diversas realidades que atraviesan los canales comunitarios del Oriente Antioqueño (Colombia). Para presentar los resultados el texto relaciona tres momentos: primero, aspectos jurídicos que en Colombia rigen la Televisión Comunitaria, normativas que ha regido a la televisión pública en el país y sus incidencias en el desarrollo de la televisión comunitaria local; dos, se ahonda en la necesidad de entender los modos de organización como asociaciones económicas y sus acciones colectivas (Actividades en Red) como estrategias co-operativas para el trabajo y tres, plantea el papel de la televisión comunitaria como órgano de expresión de las comunidades de esta subregión golpeada por la violencia, la exclusión y la impuesta llegada del desarrollo.

This current article, the result of a piece of research, introduces the various situations that the community channels, in the eastern region in Antioquia (Colombia), have to go through. In order to present the results, the text relates three moments: firstly, legal aspects governing the community television system, regulations that have controlled the public television in the country and its effects on the development of the local community television system; in Colombia; secondly, it delves into the need to understand modes of organization such as economic associations and their collective actions (Network Activities) as co-operative strategies for the work, and thirdly, it raises the role of the community television system as an organ of expression of the communities in this sub-region, struck by violence, exclusion, and the imposed arrival of development.